Question: If a mutation happens when an embryo is young, say eight or 16 cells, then all of the descendants of the mutated cell will inherit the mutation. Is this right?
That’s correct. It’s known as mosaicism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28genetics%29). Apparently it’s reported to be present in as high as 70% of cleavage stage embryos and 90% of blastocyst-stage embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Yes, if the mutation becomes fixed and the cell survives than all the cells that develop from it will keep the mutation. However, our cells are very good at fixing mutations, and even in the very early stages, an embryo can recognise a ‘bad’ cell and ‘kill’ it off so it doesn’t hang around and become part of the person.
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